Emishinini kagesi kanye namaphrojekthi wezintambo, "ukuphepha" kuhlale kuwumugqa obomvu onganqamuki. Uma kukhulunywa ngesitifiketi sokuphepha kukagesi,Isitifiketi se-ULngokungangabazeki "umkhiqizo wegolide" embonini. Namuhla, ake sibe nenkulumo ejulile mayelana nezintambo ezinezitifiketi ze-UL (okubizwa ngokuthi "izintambo ze-UL" ngamafuphi) - ziyini ngempela? Kungani kufanele kube uphawu lokuphepha olwaziwayo emhlabeni jikelele? Futhi yiziphi izimo lapho lisebenza khona?
Okokuqala, qonda: Siyini ngempela isitifiketi se-UL?
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngezintambo ze-UL, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqale ucacise "inani" lesitifiketi se-UL. I-UL, igama layo eliphelele elithi Underwriters Laboratories, yasungulwa ngo-1894 futhi ingesinye sezikhungo zokuqala nezinegunya{2}}zenhlangano yesithathu yesitifiketi sokuphepha emhlabeni. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko uwukuqinisekisa ngokuhlolwa kwesayensi nokuhlola ukuthi umkhiqizo uyahlangabezana yini namazinga okuphepha futhi unciphise izingozi zokuphepha ezifana nomlilo nokushaqeka kukagesi.
Ngokungafani nezinye izindinganiso zebhizinisi "-ezizincomayo", isitifiketi se-UL samukela izindinganiso zomkhakha ezivulekile neziqinile (isibonelo, izinga le-UL 62 liyindinganiso eyinhloko eqondiswe izintambo ezinwebekayo namakhebuli), futhi yonke inqubo yesitifiketi iqedwa ngokuzimela inkampani yangaphandle ngaphandle kokuthembela kunoma iyiphi inkampani ekhiqizayo. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yayo inokwethenjwa okuphezulu kakhulu. Yaziwa kabanzi eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu nasemazweni amaningi nasezifundeni emhlabeni jikelele.
Izintambo ze-UL: Akukhona nje "ukuba nesitifiketi"
Inqubo yesitifiketi: "ungqimba-ngo{1}}ukuhlolwa kwesendlalelo" kusukela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ukuya emikhiqizweni eqediwe
Inqubo yesitifiketi sezintambo ze-UL ingachazwa ngokuthi "iqinile", ikakhulukazi kuhlanganise nalezi zixhumanisi ezibalulekile.
Ukubuyekezwa kwempahla eluhlaza
Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko zezintambo - zamakhondakta (njengethusi, i-aluminium, njll.), izendlalelo zokufakelwa (ezifana ne-PVC, i-XLPE, njll.), izendlalelo ze-sheath, njll. - kufanele zonke zithobelane namazinga wento ebalulekile ashiwo yi-UL, njengokuqhutshwa kukagesi kwezikhondakta nezinga lokushisa nokumelana nokuguga kwezingqimba zokufakelwa. Amabhizinisi adingeka ukuthi anikeze imibiko yokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yezinto ezingavuthiwe futhi amukele ukuhlolwa okungahleliwe.
Ukugadwa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza
I-UL izokwenza-ukuhlolwa kwesayithi kwemigqa yokukhiqiza yezinkampani ezikhiqizayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinqubo zokukhiqiza, ukunemba kwemishini, nezinhlelo zokulawula ikhwalithi ziyahlangabezana nezimfuneko, nokugwema{1}}ukungathobeli{1}}umkhiqizo ngenxa yokuchezuka kokukhiqiza.
Ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwemikhiqizo eqediwe
Lesi yisigaba esiwumongo sesitifiketi. Izinto zokuhlola zihlanganisa zonke izici zokuphepha, njengalezi: ukuhlolwa kokumelana nezinga lokushisa (ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kokufakwa kwezintambo endaweni-yezinga lokushisa eliphezulu), ukuhlolwa kokumelana ne-voltage (ukuvimbela ukuphuka nokuvuza kongqimba lwe-insulation), ukuhlolwa kokuncipha komlilo (ukubambezela ukusha nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwentuthu enobuthi uma kuba nomlilo), ukuhlolwa okuqinile (ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingqimba ze-bonding ziphumelela kuphela lapho zonke izingqimba ziphumelela) kutholwe isitifiketi.
Landela{0}}ukulandelela nokugadwa
Isitifiketi se-UL akusona-isixazululo sesikhathi esisodwa. Indikimba yezitifiketi izobuyekeza njalo amabhizinisi futhi yenze izivivinyo zamasampula emikhiqizweni eqediwe. Uma umkhiqizo utholakala{3}}ungahambisani nezindinganiso, isitifiketi sizomiswa ngokushesha noma sihoxiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhubeka kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Inzuzo Eyinhloko: Kungani Khetha izintambo ze-UL kuqala?
Ukuphepha njengenetha lokuphepha, izingozi eziphansi
Leli inani eliyinhloko lezintambo ze-UL. Ngemva kokuhlolwa{1}}okunezinhlangothi eziningi okufana nokuncipha kwelangabi, ukumelana nezinga lokushisa nokumelana nokucindezela, amathuba okuvuza, ukujikeleza okufushane nomlilo phakathi nokusetshenziswa kwawo anciphe kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi{{3}ezinamandla{4}}ezinamandla{4}aphezulu{4}}ezifana nezindlu, izinxanxathela zezitolo, nezimboni, izintambo ze-UL zinganciphisa ingozi yokusha kukagesi emthonjeni.
Ikhwalithi ezinzile nempilo yesevisi ende
Ukulawula okuqinile kwesitifiketi se-UL phezu kwezinto ezingavuthiwe nezinqubo zokukhiqiza kuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki okuphezulu nokuzinza kwezintambo. Isibonelo, ungqimba lokufakelwa alukwazi ukuguga noma ukuqhekeka, futhi ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductor kuhlala kuzinzile isikhathi eside. Lokhu kusho ukuthi impilo yesevisi yezintambo ze-UL ivamise ukuba yinde kunaleyo yezintambo ezijwayelekile, okwehlisa izindleko kanye nenkinga yokunakekelwa kwakamuva nokushintshwa.
Kusebenza emhlabeni wonke, thekelisa ukukhathazeka{0}mahhala
Isitifiketi se-UL sithokozela ukuqashelwa okuphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi emakethe yaseNyakatho Melika, lapho kucishe kuphoqeleke ukuthi imikhiqizo kagesi isebenzise izintambo ezinezitifiketi ze-UL. Uma okokusebenza okukhiqizwa ibhizinisi kudinga ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, ukusebenzisa izintambo ze-UL kunganciphisa kakhulu izithiyo zokuhweba futhi kuthuthukise ukuncintisana kwemakethe kwemikhiqizo.
Amazinga acacile enza ukukhetha kukhathaze-kumahhala
Kunendinganiso ehlanganisiwe yemodeli yokuqanjwa kwezintambo ze-UL, njengokuthi "UL 1007", "UL 1015", njll. Ukucaciswa kwekhondatha, ukushuba kokufakwa kwe-insulation, namamaki okumelana nezinga lokushisa (afana no-80℃, 105℃) ahambisana nemodeli ngayinye abekwe ngokucacile. Abasebenzisi bangakhetha ngokushesha uhlobo ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zabo zangempela ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngenkinga "yokumaka kwepharamitha okungamanga".
Izimo ezisebenzayo zezintambo ze-UL: Lezi zindawo kufanele zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanele
Kungenxa kanye nezici zayo zokuphepha nokuzinza ukuthi izintambo ze-UL zinezinhlobonhlobo zezimo zohlelo lokusebenza, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni enezidingo zokuphepha eziphezulu.
inkundla yezakhamuzi
Izintambo zesokhethi kanye nokuxhunywa kwesibani ekuhlobiseni kwasekhaya, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziswakeme{0}ezinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu njengasemakhishini nezindlu zangasese; Kukhona futhi izintambo zokuxhuma zangaphakathi zempahla yasendlini, njengama-air conditioner, iziqandisi, imishini yokuwasha, njll. Imishini eminingi yasendlini{2}}ephezulu ephezulu izosebenzisa izintambo ze-UL ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha.
inkambu yezohwebo
Ezindaweni zomphakathi njengenxanxathela yezitolo, izakhiwo zamahhovisi, namahhotela, izinhlelo zokukhanyisa, izintambo zomoya ophakathi nendawo, nezintambo zikagesi eziphuthumayo zigcwele abantu. Uma kwenzeka ingozi kagesi, imiphumela izoba mibi kakhulu, futhi izintambo ze-UL ziyimpahla evamile.
insimu yezimboni
Imishini yokukhiqiza emafekthri, imigqa yokuhlanganisa ezenzakalelayo, izintambo zangaphakathi zamabhokisi okusabalalisa, njll., ezindaweni zezimboni, ngokuvamile kunezimo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana namazinga okushisa aphezulu, amabala kawoyela, nokudlidliza. Ukumelana nesimo sezulu nokuzinza kwezintambo ze-UL kuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo eziqinile.
Thekelisa inkambu yemishini
Imishini kagesi, okokusebenza kwezokwelapha, izinto zokuxhumana, njll. ezithunyelwa eNyakatho Melika, e-Europe, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nakwezinye izifunda kufanele zisebenzise izintambo eziqinisekisiwe ezingu-UL- ukuze zithobelane nemithetho yokuphepha yendawo.
Uma ukhetha izintambo ze-UL, gwema lokhu kungezwani oku-2 okuvamile
nanka amathiphu angu-2 okuthenga kwakho
Qaphela "isitifiketi esisemthethweni" futhi wenqabe "amalebula mbumbulu"
Kukhona abathengisi abambalwa abangathembekile emakethe abazonamathisela amamaki e-UL mbumbulu. Lapho uthenga, ungabheka imininingwane yesitifiketi somkhiqizo ngewebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-UL (faka inombolo yesitifiketi noma igama lebhizinisi) ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umkhiqizo ogunyazwe ngokusemthethweni yini.
Khetha imodeli ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zakho. Akunjalo ukuthi "okubiza kakhulu, kungcono"
Izintambo ze-UL zamamodeli ahlukene zinokuphikisana okuhlukile kwezinga lokushisa, ukumelana ne-voltage kanye nokucaciswa kwe-conductor. Ngokwesibonelo,I-UL 1007(enokumelana nezinga lokushisa elingu-80℃) ngokuvamile kwanele ukuhlobisa ikhaya, kuyilapho ezindaweni eziphakeme{1}}zezinga lokushisa lezimboni, amamodeli anokumelana nezinga lokushisa elingu-125℃noma ngaphezulu kufanele kukhethwe. Asikho isidingo sokulandela ngokungaboni amamodeli{4}entengo ephezulu.
Sengiphetha, inani eliwumongoULizintambo zilele "ekushintsheni izindinganiso eziqinile zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha". Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhlobisa ikhaya, ukukhiqizwa kwebhizinisi noma ukuthekelisa komkhiqizo, ukukhetha izintambo ze-UL kugcizelela ukuphepha kanye nokuthuthukisa{1}izindleko zokusebenzisa isikhathi eside. Phela, emkhakheni wobunjiniyela kagesi, "ukuphepha" kuhlale kuwutshalomali olufanele kakhulu.
